Hints on Argument #39 and 41 #39: Theorem: Idempotence/v 39 Conclusion: A<->(AvA) Once you have A->(AvA), you are half done. Now, in order eventually apply <-> INTRO to it and another line, you need to derive: (AvA)->A. And to do this, it is unhelpful to assume A (your step 4). #41 Theorem:Comutativity/v 41 Conclusion: (AvB)<->(BvA) In 41, you don't really begin correctly. Eventually, you'll want to apply <->INTRO (the only rule that deals with '<->'). To do that, you need to derive: (AvB)->(BvA), and then (BvA)->(AvB) The strategies for obtaining both of these are straightforward, although the details are a bit complicated to complete their individual derivations. In both of these problems, (roughly, getting P->Q and Q->P, there are really two separate derivations, (roughly, getting P->Q and Q->P, then putting them together with <-> to get P<->Q),and one doesn't reach back to use a step in the first for the second, except for the <->INTRO step itself. Both #39 and #41 follow the pattern of #40, but are harder--namely, in #39, one of the directions, say, Q->P, is harder and uses a different method than P->Q. In 41, BOTH directions are somewhat hard, but similar.